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Overview of the 6 best Interskol screwdrivers

A screwdriver is a hand-held power tool with adjustable torque. It is intended for twisting and unscrewing with the help of nozzles of fasteners (screws, self-tapping screws, dowels). Models are divided into battery and network.

Rechargeable. They work from an independent power source — a rechargeable battery.

Network . The power source is an external stationary electrical network or a gas generator.

Battery types:

nickel-cadmium;
hybrid (nickel-metal);
lithium-ion.

Tool types:

cordless screwdriver;
cordless screwdriver;
lithium screwdriver;
screwdriver professional;
screwdriver with a flashlight;
screwdriver (drill) impact.

Interskol DA-10 / 14.4M3 — battery

A distinctive feature of a cordless screwdriver is the presence of a battery. The ability to work without being connected to the mains greatly facilitates operations in hard-to-reach areas:

small premises;
high-altitude work;
assembly and disassembly of furniture.

The choice of battery type is determined by:

financial possibilities;
temperature conditions;
frequency of use of power tools.

When choosing a screwdriver:

able to work at sub-zero temperatures;
with a long battery life (the presence of a replaceable battery);
in a wide range of mechanical characteristics;
with low price

it is preferable to dwell on the Interskol DA-10 / 14.4M3 model.

Pros:

the presence of a nickel-cadmium battery allows you to work at sub-zero temperatures, a sharp drop in which when changing the work site (street-indoor) does not require compliance with the thermal regime;
the presence of a second battery increases the working time of the tool;
high torque developed by a newly developed engine;
the reliability of the cartridge allows you to work with a variety of hardware;
the ability to work with any base (board, laminated chipboard, fiberboard), into which a screw or self-tapping screw is screwed.

Minuses:

dull design;
the properties of batteries to lose charge if the product has not exhausted its entire resource.

Characteristics:

Voltage	14.4 V	Change of speed parameters	0–400/ 0–1400 rpm
Charge	1.5 Ah	The size of the hole in metal products	10 mm
Type of power supply	Ni-Cd battery	Hole size (wood drilling)	25 mm
Fixing the cutting tool	keyless chuck	Size of threaded fasteners screwed into solid wood, mm	6×60 mm
Power unit (view)	brush motor	Shank	0.8–10 mm
Changing the rotation vector	eat	Application period	3 years
Spindle speed settings (number)	20+1	Weight of the assembled product	1.6 kg
Speed switching range (number)	2	Backlight	provided

Equipment:

power supply — 2 pcs;
fixing device — 1 pc;
charging device — 1 pc;
case for storage and transportation;
accompanying documentation: instructions for use, warranty.

For a complete set, they purchase fixtures (cross, slotted, hexagonal bits and others) in a single quantity or in sets. It depends on the operations to be performed by the purchased instrument.

Interskol DSh-10/320E2 — network

Such screwdrivers are powered by the mains, which significantly reduces the weight of the tool. No battery monitoring or recharging required. The time for maintaining the working state is not limited.

When choosing a model, they are guided solely by the features of the mechanical properties of the unit.

If you have access to electrical networks, it makes sense to choose a DSh-10 / 320E2 screwdriver. The ratio of the price and functional features does this tool irreplaceable both in household, and in industrial conditions.

Pros:

smooth electronic speed control;
no loss of spindle rotation when changing the speed, which optimizes fastener screwing and drilling;
metal is used for the manufacture of gears;
low price;
light weight;
ergonomics.

Minuses:

the power cord limits the radius of work in the room, so an extension cord is often required;
increased noise at high speeds.

Characteristics:

Power consumption	320 W	Frequency change	0–450/ 0–1800 rpm
Electricity grid	220 V	Parameter of a hole in a metal part	10 mm
Power cable length	2 m	Limit diameter (wood)	25 mm
Fixing fixtures	keyless chuck	Limit value of fasteners mounted in wood (without additional processing)	6×60 mm
Electric motor (view)	brush	Shank	0.8-10 mm
Spindle rotation change	provided	Recommended service life	3 years
Number of setting steps	20+1	Mass indicator	1.4 kg
Rotation speed (number)	2

Equipment:

instructions for use and safety — 1pc;
guarantee;
box.

It is necessary to additionally purchase bits for various purposes individually or in a set.

Interskol SHA-6/10.8M3 — lithium

A lithium screwdriver is a tool with a rechargeable lithium-ion battery, the presence of which has its pros and cons.

The Interskol SHA-6 / 10.8M3 model deserved the greatest number of positive reviews. This design is indispensable for domestic or serial workshop use.

Pros:

large battery capacity;
no need to discharge the battery before recharging;
no self-discharge;
the presence of a replaceable battery;
light weight;
low price;
the presence of illumination;
18 torque settings.

Minuses:

the specificity of the lithium-ion battery, which limits the use of this tool at low temperatures;
requires an adapter for drills with a shank size other than 1/4.

Characteristics:

Battery rating	10.8 V	RPM change	0–400/ 0–1500 rpm
Charge	1.5 Ah	Hole size in metal alloys, mm	10 mm
Power supply	Li-ion battery	Maximum diameter (wood)	20 mm
Clamping device	hex chuck	Limit value of hardware wrapped in wood (without additional processing)	6 mm
Electric motor (view)	brush	Chuck size	6.35mm
Reverse	in stock	Lifetime warranty	3 years
Speed setting stage	18+1	Tool weight	0.94 kg
Speed (number)	2	Backlight	in stock

Equipment:

power supply — 2 pcs;
semiconductor charger — 1 pc;
document on the safety and use of the product;
case for storage and transportation;
guarantee.

Accessories:
It is recommended to purchase a set of bits for various purposes with a shank size 1/4.

Interskol DA-10/12M3 — professional

A screwdriver classified as a professional tool must have the following functions and consumer qualities:

increased working time;
ergonomics (easy to use, light weight);
mechanical strength of the body and mechanism parts;
the ability to work under negative temperature conditions;
high degree of torque, increased range of rotational speeds.

Among other models for the combination of price, quality, configuration, you can consider the purchase of the product Interskol DA-10 / 12M3. This product is equipped with a rechargeable battery.

The plastic handle and body have rubberized inserts for easy holding of the screwdriver when performing work manipulations. Single sleeve chuck with spindle lock makes it easy to change tooling during operation.

In addition to the functions of a screwdriver, it performs the functions of a drill.

Pros:

maintains working functions at low temperatures, is not afraid of a sharp temperature drop due to the equipment with a nickel-cadmium battery;
the presence of a replaceable battery allows you to maintain the performance of the tool during the working day;
longer service life of stopping parts due to the use of double rolling bearings (instead of a sleeve) on the main shaft of the tool;
high torque — 32Nm;
low price compared to models of other brands with similar functions;
Illumination of the working area allows you to work in poorly lit areas;
drilling in steel up to 10 mm, wood — up to 20 mm.

Minuses:

nickel-cadmium batteries require complete discharge before the next recharging, self-discharge during long storage;
the weight and ergonomics of a screwdriver, which is very controversial due to the subjectivity of assessing these qualities.

Characteristics:

Power indicator of the power supply	12 V	Change of speed	0–400/ 0–1400 rpm
Capacity	1.5 Ah	Limit value of drilling of metal products	10 mm
Power supply	Ni-cd battery	Limit diameter (wood)	20 mm
Cartridge	quick-clamping	Mounting size limit products (without drilling)	6×60 mm
Electric motor(type)	brush	Shank	0.8–10 mm
Reverse	provided	Lifetime warranty	2 years
Spindle rotation setting	20+1	Tool weight	1.58 kg
Speed(number)	2

Equipment:

power supply — 2 pcs;
fixing cartridge — 1 pc;
charging electrical device — 1 pc;
case for storage and transportation;
instructions for use and safety;
guarantee.

Accessories:
When choosing accessories, it is necessary to take into account that this model belongs to professional tools. Bit and drill sets must also meet higher requirements for strength properties and a wide range of functional uses.

Interskol DA-12ER-02 — with a flashlight

Equipping the screwdriver with a work area illumination allows you to work in the dark with low or no lighting.

The most appropriate use of LED-lantern in battery models, which are most often used in the absence of the mains. One of these models is the Interskol DA-12ER-02 drill driver.

Pros:

combination price-quality;
the presence of two batteries;
built-in charge level indicator;
backlight;
threaded cartridge;
torque has 18 steps;
metal gears;
light weight.

Minuses:

the operation of Li-ion batteries is limited by the requirements of a positive temperature regime;
lack of a holder for spare bits on the case;
simple product design.

Characteristics:

Voltage	12 V	Spindle speed	0–400/ 0–1400 rpm
Battery capacity	1.3 Ah	Limit value of drilling of metal products	10 mm
Battery	Li-ion	Hole size in solid wood, mm	20 mm
Cartridge	quick-clamping	Diameter of threaded fasteners screwed into wood (without drilling)	5×60 mm
Engine (type)	brush	Shank parameter	0.8–10 mm
Reverse	In stock	Life time	3 years
Torque stage (quantity)	18+1	Bulk Parameters	0.96 kg
Speed (number)	2	LED backlight	in stock

Equipment:

lithium-ion power supply — 2 pcs;
recharging device — 1 pc;
fixing cartridge (fixed on the tool) — 1 pc;
magnetized length increaser — 1 pc;
bits: slot — PZ1 (2), cross — PH1 (2,5,6);
drills 1.5–6 (6 pieces);
case for storage and carrying;
accompanying documents: instructions for use and safety, warranty.

Accessories:
The presence of drills and bits in the configuration allows you not to make additional purchases at the initial stage of work. In the case of professional use of the tool, it is necessary to purchase a wider range of nozzles.

Interskol DU-16/1000ER — shock

When choosing an Interskol impact drill with a wide range of functions, including a screwdriver, you must consider:

product weight;
the presence of a reverse;
the choice of the number of revolutions;
the presence of illumination.

The choice of consumers for positive properties indicates the impact drill Interskol DU-16/1000ER.

Pros:

high power;
performs the functions of a screwdriver;
a wide range of operations: drilling (concrete, brick, metal, wood, ceramics), mixing building mixtures, screwing fasteners;
metal gearbox;
two speeds;
high-quality lighting;
the presence of a drilling depth limiter;
price quality;
combination of a large number of functions in one unit.

Minuses:

short power cord;
great weight;
the need to control the lubrication of the gearbox;
no torque limit;
no keyless chuck.

Characteristics :

Power (nominal)	1000 W	Turnovers	0–1200/ 0–1800 rpm
Current (nominal)	4.5 A	Hole diameter in metal, mm	16 mm
Beat frequency (1/2 step)	0–20000/0–42000 bpm	Maximum diameter (wood)	40 mm
Cartridge (type)	key	hole size in wood	20 mm
Engine (type)	brush	Shank	1.5-13mm
Reverse	in stock	Duration of operation	3 years
Spindle mount cutting	1/2” — 20 UNF inch	Weight characteristic	2.8 kg
Speed (number)	2	Illumination of the working area	in stock

Equipment:

handle (optional) -1 pc;
depth lock -1 pc;
cartridge (supplied with the tool) — 1 pc;
accompanying documents: application manual and warranty card;
register of maintenance services — 1 pc;
packing cardboard box — 1 pc.

Accessories:
A wide range of work performed by an impact drill requires the purchase of a set of various drills, nozzles, mixers for dry mixes and paints.

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6 best oil paints

Since the advent of universal latex, silicone and acrylic compositions with better characteristics, the popularity of oil paints has fallen sharply, but they continue to be used due to their relatively low cost and unique performance properties. Oil-based paints keep repair costs down, so they will never go out of demand.

How to choose oil paint

Oil-based paints are moisture resistant and hygienic. They are easy to apply on the surface, they can be used to cover interior and exterior elements, after drying they give the materials an aesthetic appearance. After complete drying, a film is formed that reliably protects surfaces from the negative effects of weather conditions, including direct sunlight and high humidity.

However, in addition to the positive properties, there are also disadvantages, including a short service life (up to 3 years), flammability, toxicity, paired with a pungent odor. In addition, the coating in the sun fades quickly enough. Below are the characteristics to consider when choosing.

Purpose

Manufacturers of oil paints clearly indicate that they are suitable for surfaces. In addition, the place of staining is also important. For example, options for exterior finishes are more toxic and are not recommended for indoor use. At the same time, they have better protective properties and are more resistant to aggressive environmental influences. For the most part, universal oil formulations are presented on the market, which are equally suitable for outdoor and indoor use, retain their properties when applied to both metal and wooden surfaces.

Consumption

This parameter depends on the absorbency of the treated surface, paired with the viscosity of the coloring composition itself. As a rule, the consumption is about 150 grams per square meter. For example, wood treatment will require more paint than the same area of concrete.

Drying time

One layer dries completely in a day, but some manufacturers produce formulations that require only 12 hours to dry.

Viscosity level

Fluidity, drying time, uniformity of the applied layer and the complexity of its distribution depend on this parameter. The optimal level of viscosity is an indicator ranging from 65 to 140 units. If the value differs from the figures given, this is direct evidence of the low quality of the composition.

The degree of grinding of pigments

The parameter determines the size of the largest particles in the coloring composition. The higher the degree of grinding, the greater the hiding power of the paint and the better the treated surface looks. For oil paints, two degrees of grinding are distinguished:

below 90 microns — fine-grained;
above 90 microns — smooth.

The share of volatile substances

A characteristic feature of oil paint is its pungent odor due to the release of harmful volatile substances. In the qualitative composition, their share does not exceed 10%. This indicator should be taken into account if it is planned to paint interior elements in a poorly ventilated area. It should be remembered that with an increase in ambient temperature, harmful substances are released much more actively.

The proportion of film-forming substances

In the total volume, the amount of these substances should not be less than 26%. With a decrease in this level, the density of the paintwork and its hiding power deteriorate. With a significant increase in the proportion, the storage time of the paint is reduced.

Degree of water resistance and film hardness

Standard indicators of water resistance of the film are in the range of 0-0.5 units, hardness — 0.13 units. A decrease in the last parameter indicates a low quality of the coloring composition.

The best outdoor oil paint

Based on alkyd Tikkurila Teho oil paint used for the treatment of outdoor wooden surfaces exposed to intense atmospheric influences. Suitable for covering fences, railings, sheathing boards. After drying, the surface acquires a pleasant semi-gloss sheen. In addition, the coating does not lose color over time and is not covered with cracks. The use of paint provides reliable protection of wood from the formation of mold and pollution. In the process of work, smudges are almost completely eliminated, and a long drying time allows you to effortlessly level the fresh layer to a perfectly even state.

Tikkurila Teho available in a white and colorless base, which allows you to choose the right shade for any wooden surface. During processing, the relative humidity of the air should not exceed 80%, and the temperature should be less than 5°C.

Characteristics

Gloss is semi-gloss.
Consumption — from 6 to 11 m²/ l, depending on the treated surface.
Drying time — 24 hours under normal conditions.
Density — about 1.3 kg / l.
Dry residue — about 62%.

pros

Large selection of colors.
Weather resistance.
Will not fade in direct sunlight.

Minuses

Best interior oil paint

Oil composition MA-15 from a Russian manufacturer «Prestige» proved to be equally good at internal and external works. Can be used on wood and metal. The basis of this paintwork is drying oil, made using natural vegetable oils of the highest grade. The durability characteristics are improved by the use of special additives.

Painted «Prestige» MA-15 the surface acquires a brilliant glossy shade, becomes resistant to evaporation. When painting, it is allowed to dilute the paintwork agent by adding up to 5% white spirit or solvent. After complete drying of the coating, it can be wet cleaned.

Characteristics

The base is drying oil.
Consumption — from 100 to 180 g/m².
Drying time — at least 24 hours at a temperature of 20 ° C (for each layer).
Composition (except base): fillers, pigments.
Glitter — gloss.
The storage period is 2 years.

pros

Based on natural vegetable oils.
Less toxic compared to analogues.
Improved adhesive characteristics.
Abrasion resistant.

Minuses

Limited color palette.

The best oil paint for wood

Oil paint Finncolor Forest based on alkyd from the manufacturer Tikkurila is considered one of the best for finishing sawn and planed wood. After drying, an elastic wear-resistant film is formed on the treated surface, which is resistant to adverse weather factors. A brush is used for application. With a drying time of 24 hours, it is allowed to open the next layer no earlier than 48 hours after applying the first one. At the same time, the drying time can vary in both directions, depending on the indicators of the relative humidity of the air and its temperature.

The paint has increased weather resistance, which allows it to be used in an industrial environment. Like any oil composition, over time, the layer fades under direct sunlight. The manufacturer offers a five-year storage warranty, but only if the conditions are not violated (the package has not been opened).

Characteristics

Gloss is semi-gloss.
Density — from 1.17 to 1.34 kg / l.
Dry residue — from 63% to 70%.
Consumption: for sawn wood — from 6 to 8 m²/ l, for planed wood — from 8 to 11 m²/ l.
The required number of layers is 2.
Drying time — 24 hours.

pros

Suitable for outdoor and indoor decoration.
High quality coverage.
Nice semi-gloss finish.
Wide choice of colors.
Wear resistance.

Minuses

Applied exclusively to wood.

The best oil paint according to GOST

Oil paint MA-15 from the Russian manufacturer Stroitel meets all technical requirements of GOST 30884-2003. Suitable for interior and exterior finishing of concrete, metal and wood (excluding floors) surfaces. In this case, the area can be pre-coated with a primer or plaster, have a layer of old paint. Among the advantages stands out good hiding power. When working, it is allowed to dilute the composition with drying oil, solvent or white spirit.

Paint MA-15 oil-based after complete drying, which takes 24 hours, has a pleasant semi-matte shade. Sold in white or tinted. Application is carried out at a temperature not lower than 5 ° C in 2-3 layers, using a roller or brush. The working surface requires pre-treatment with degreasing compounds, cleaning from the old layer of paint, dust and dirt. If the treated area is covered with plaster, it requires additional treatment with Oxol drying oil and TURY oil-adhesive putty.

Characteristics

The base is oil.
Application — for internal and external works.
Surface — metal, wood, concrete.
The degree of gloss is semi-gloss.
Average consumption: 0.12 — 0.16 kg / sq. m.

pros

Versatility of application.
Acceptable cost.

Minuses

Limited color palette.

The best oil-alkyd paint

Dulux Domus — oil-alkyd paint, designed for outdoor woodworking. After complete drying, it forms an elastic semi-gloss film with high resistance to solar and atmospheric influences. Copes well with changes in humidity and temperature. The treated wood acquires dirt and water-repellent properties. The advantage of this composition is hiding power and high adhesion.

Dulux Domus It is applied without streaks and does not have a sharp, pronounced smell. The manufacturer recommends covering the surface in two layers at an ambient temperature of +5°C to +30°C and a humidity of 40-80%. For application, you can use a roller or a brush with natural bristles.

Characteristics

The finish is semi-gloss.
Consumption — 13 m²/ l.
Complete drying time — 48 hours.
Drying time for 1 layer — 24 hours.
The required number of layers is 2.

pros

Wide choice of color shades.
Elastic cover.
High weather resistance.
Superadhesion.
The composition includes wood-protective components.
Improved water and dirt repellency.

Minuses

Limited use (for outdoor woodwork).

The best oil paint for metal

High quality linseed oil based paint Lacra MA-15 Designed to cover both metal and wood surfaces. Suitable for outdoor and indoor decoration. The only limitation is that it is not intended for floors. Good weather resistance. For surface coating Lacra MA-15 preliminary preparation work is carried out, including cleaning the metal from scale and rust deposits, as well as degreasing with a solvent.

The application of the first coat of paint must be preceded by the treatment of the area with an alkyd primer. For coloring wood, it is cleaned of old paint, sanded and impregnated with drying oil. The manufacturer’s stated drying time is 24 hours. For application use a sprayer, roller or brush. White spirit can act as a diluent.

Characteristics

The basis is a combined drying oil.
Full drying time — 24 hours.
Number of colors: 10.
Approximate flow: 5 to 10 m²/kg.
Shelf life under the conditions — 18 months.

pros

Versatility.
Compliance with GOST.

Minuses

Poor selection of colors.

Before applying oil paints, the surface of the materials requires pre-treatment. Removal of the old cracked paint layer, cleaning from dust and dirt, degreasing can be carried out. Detailed instructions for application, as a rule, are printed directly on the label of the container.

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Gas plastic pipes

Thinking about how best to bring gas to a private house or make wiring in the yard, take care of choosing modern pipes.

Previously, they were made of metal, and with the development of advanced technologies, a safe gas pipeline is laid from pipes made of inexpensive, reliable material.

Special plastic pipes for the transportation of combustible gases are used in industrial production, public utilities and the domestic sector by individuals. A characteristic feature of the exterior design is black with a longitudinal bright yellow stripe.which does not allow to confuse products with similar products that have a different purpose.

Advantages of gas plastic pipes

long service life;
wear resistance;
light weight;
simple installation:
economical consumption of installation materials, because the products are produced in long lengths or multi-meter bays;
welding speed;
the possibility of reuse;
easy disposal;
safety of use (the material is non-toxic);

Plastic pipes are gradually replacing steel and cast iron products that are used to lay a gas pipeline. Metal products are mainly used at industrial facilities and in old public utilities, as well as when laying large gas transmission systems that distill thousands of cubic meters of raw materials.

Benefits for small flue structureswhich characterize polymers:

the ability to last longer without losing their qualities;
non-conductivity of electric current;
resistance to corrosion;
ease of assembly without the use of complex equipment;
resistance to aggressive environments;
water and noise resistance;
compliance with international safety standards;
high permeability, due to the smooth inner surface, does not allow solid particles that have entered the system to settle;
environmental friendliness, guaranteeing the integrity of the environment and human health;
light weight speeds up installation;
low cost compared to products made of metal;
the possibility of quick replacement, which is important for the urgent restoration of supply to residential buildings and industrial facilities;

Able to transport liquids and gases to the required distances without unnecessary losses. Therefore, they are successfully used in production and in public utilities. Aesthetic appearance and sound insulation make polymers suitable for urban or crowded areas.

Types of gas plastic pipes

It is important to consider the properties of the material:

polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
polyethylene;
metal-polymer products;
polypropylene;

PVC — a common material that is valued for its affordable cost and ease of mounting systems in rooms. The disadvantage is that during chemical decomposition, PVC releases a toxic substance — chlorethylene.

Therefore, the use of this material is only permissible for laying highways in open areas underground.

Polyethylene — this is an advantageous option for cold transportation of gases and liquids in a private household or in production. Affordability contributes to the mass use of polyethylene pipes among the population.

It is worth taking care of their isolation. When operating without insulation, the strength and solidity of the product are quickly lost, and the likelihood of leakage increases.

Polyethylene has much less frost resistance than other materials. Therefore, it is better to create a highway in an open area with their help underground, and to produce a supply to the building by passing plastic products through metal pipes or using steel adapters.

Metal-polymer differ in that the polyethylene layer is located in reliable isolation. Resistant to adverse factors from the outside, including mechanical damage. They cost an order of magnitude more expensive than pipes made of other materials, however, they are very reliable in operation.

They are easy to give the desired shape, which facilitates the installation and installation of equipment. Metal-plastic products bend effortlessly, taking the desired position. They are connected to each other using crimp or pressed fittings.

Polypropylene Designed for transporting gas in open areas. Low chemical activity does not allow it to deform and change its quality characteristics. Polypropylene does not need additional insulation, as it is resistant to ultraviolet radiation and temperature fluctuations.

It is considered a gas-permeable material, so it cannot be used for wiring inside buildings.

Installation

Flexibility contributes to their hidden gasket, which protects against the negative effects of ultraviolet radiation, excessive thermal expansion and maintains the integrity of products. To prevent leakage, avoid unnecessary connections by using multi-meter coils of flexible polymer pipes.

Numerous joints increase the cost of laying the highway and lengthen the operation. It is important to use the same type of materials during installation. This approach helps to avoid the appearance of cracks and other mechanical damage that occurs due to the heterogeneity of the structure.

Special tools and technologies that are used for welding plastic pipes significantly speed up the creation of a gas pipeline.

Three methods for welding polymer products:

electrofusion welding is carried out by melting plastic due to the thermal effect of electric current on the fitting. This is an economical and efficient way, however, for its use in remote places, you need to have a mobile source of electricity;
socket welding used to connect polymer products in sewer systems and connections;
butt welding using a special soldering iron is the most used option for creating a reliable connection of polymer products.

Metal-plastic pipes, which have a low coefficient of thermal expansion, deserve special attention. This makes them ideal for concealed wiring inside building walls or for private household gas to a summer kitchen, outbuilding or guest house.

Installation of metal-plastic is carried out exclusively by press fittings, tightly crimped with special tools. It is important to remember that installation must be carried out by qualified personnel who are familiar with safety, material characteristics and work features.

To shut off the gas supply, special shut-off valves are used. Their work is carried out using a key or manually. Shut-off valves do not require additional sealing, as precisely fitted parts are tightly connected to each other.

In basements, the system must be open, and installation must be carried out with a mandatory gap between pipes and walls. The places of passage in the walls and ceilings are closed with special additional protection.

When starting to connect gas heating appliances or a stove, take care of the high-quality and quick removal of combustion products from the ventilation system from the living space. To do this, select the appropriate size of the ventilation duct.

Installation of the hood is carried out on load-bearing walls or partitions, which are made of non-combustible materials. To prevent the appearance of condensation on the outside of the wall, the room is insulated.

Installation of appliances without connection to chimney channels is carried out where each burner accounts for about five square meters of free space. For a small water heater, you need at least six meters, and a bathroom column is placed on an area of approximately equal to ten square meters.

If in the room where the stove or water heating system is installed, there is no space necessary to ensure full access to air, then a ventilation outlet must be built from above.

Considering the fact that gas stoves, heaters and water heating devices use oxygenated air for combustion, it is important to ensure that it is freely available in the room through ventilation. For this purpose, a narrow gap is created between the door to the kitchen or in another room and the floor surface.

All devices must be equipped with taps to shut off the gas supply. Installation of heaters and gas stoves is preferably carried out with the hood turned on or ventilation running. During installation, the tightness of the pipes is violated, therefore, at the end of the creation of the gas supply system, it is necessary to check their integrity.

It is important to take into account some features of the materials and the area where the work is planned. Polymers are susceptible to chlorine, heat and ultraviolet radiation. As a result of heating, they release hydrochloric acid, which causes chemical burns on contact.

Therefore, plastic products are isolated with special materials, and gas pipelines in open areas are located underground. The laying of underground lines is necessarily carried out with insulation. It is forbidden to place lines in concrete structures and poorly ventilated galleries, since the accumulation of gas due to leakage can cause a violent explosion.

For hidden laying, it is imperative to take into account the coefficient of thermal expansion of polymers, leaving free space for this and equipping pipes with soft thermal insulation. For wiring in residential, working, industrial and other premises, it is recommended to use polyethylene pipes. This material, like its analogues, is marked with a yellow longitudinal stripe.

Polyethylene does not enter into a chemical reaction with household gas and is not subject to chemical influence from the outside. Being the main material for the interior of metal-plastic pipes, it makes it possible to use them for gas distribution in residential, industrial or commercial buildings.

When choosing plastic pipes for creating gas wiring, you must definitely pay attention to the quality of workmanship and the manufacturer. Reputation-conscious manufacturers guarantee a long product life and offer the option of exchanging defective products or returning them for a refund.

When making a purchase, the accompanying papers must be stamped and signed by the seller, and a warranty card must be present with the purchase.

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Cotton liquid wallpaper

Cotton liquid wallpaper is considered one of the best finishing materials. Despite the high cost, they meet the needs of the consumer. They are used for finishing surfaces in offices, cottages, country houses where there is no heating system.

Properties

The choice of this finishing material will be the right decision for every person who wants to update the interior, create an atmosphere of comfort. Wall-paper will change the room, will serve decades without change of structure, properties, color.

Used for the design of concrete, plastered, as well as plasterboard surfaces. They are suitable for finishing painted walls and pre-primed ceilings.

Compared to paper rolls, they are suitable for wall decoration with numerous corners and ledges. Not used for decorating surfaces made of plastic, wood or metal without pretreatment with primer.

They differ in composition, non-standard application technique. It is easy to take care of the walls decorated with such material.

Choose this product for a room characterized by high humidity or temperature. When buying, properties, cost, country of origin, color schemes, required quantity are taken into account.

Sold in the form of a dry friable substance. It is distributed in special durable plastic bags with an indication of the weight. The contents of the package are diluted with water. Maintain the proportion that is given by the manufacturer on the package. Use only sealed whole bags.

It is forbidden to divide dry substance into parts. Otherwise, the components may not mix and the resulting composition will be unusable.

The material is also found in the finished liquid state. The mixture is sold in special plastic buckets. Buying such products, you do not need to spend extra time preparing the mixture.

They are durable because they can withstand ultraviolet rays. Cotton is the main component in the manufacture of liquid wallpaper.

Material

In appearance, the material is similar to plaster. Difference in composition. Cotton wallpapers do not contain sand. When dry, they resemble children’s craft material. The product consists of 100% cotton fibre, as well as cellulose, natural mineral components, including decorative additives.

In the process of application, a smooth surface, pleasant to the touch, devoid of seams, is formed. As a result, office or living space is instantly transformed. It becomes cozy, warm, beautiful. A diverse color palette ensures the versatility of the material itself.

When finishing surfaces, the possibility of a harmonious combination of shades is provided. Even if the desired color is not selected, they choose the shades they like, and subsequently they are dyed with the help of a color scheme in the desired tone.

The scope of the presented goods is extensive. Thanks to the non-standard texture, they create amazing bright objects — stucco, panels.

Pros and cons of cotton liquid wallpaper

Advantages

Do not form joints during application to the surface. Artistic decoration of walls or ceilings is characterized by a porous texture. Do not crack, do not tear, do not wear out, like paper.
Hides imperfections. Due to the composition of cotton wallpaper, the geometry of the walls and ceiling is aligned. This is a great way to mask cracks and imperfections in surfaces.
environmentally friendly materialsafe for human health.
It takes little time to decorate the surface, even for an inexperienced person.
Do not attract dust.
Possess fire-protective properties, do not emit toxic harmful substances under the influence of fire.
Can be dyed multiple timeswhich makes it possible to frequently change the situation in the interior.
Service life is calculated in decades. Even with repeated staining, they do not deteriorate.
They do not fade under the scorching sun, do not lose color as a result of use, while maintaining their original appearance.
Provide soundproofing.
Easy to apply to walls and ceilings.
Keep warm.
Easily recoverable. Moisten the damaged area with water. After 40 minutes, remove it with a plastic spatula. It is allowed to apply again to the surface, having crushed and mixed beforehand. It is recommended to use fresh decor, which remained after the repair work.
Suitable for decoration of premises in new buildings. The material is not afraid of shrinkage.

disadvantages

Long drying time (two days).
Not recommended for use in high humidity areas. If desired, varnish the surface to eliminate the defect. Differ in the increased hygroscopicity.
They cost more than paper.

Care

Since cotton wallpapers are afraid of high humidity, they are covered with a colorless varnish. The formed pollution is erased, using a damp piece of matter. If such a coating is absent, then the dust is removed with a vacuum cleaner.

When the wallpaper is removed from the wall or ceiling, it is required to wet them with water. After a few minutes, clean the surface of the composition with a wide spatula. This technique is applied to a separate section of the wall or ceiling.

How to choose cotton liquid wallpaper

Buy in company stores or construction hypermarkets.

Products sold in the markets or from the hands of strangers will be of poor quality, expired, including frozen or fake.

Cost is taken into account. The main producing countries of quality goods are: France, Germany, Turkey. If liquid cotton wallpaper is of low cost, from an unknown manufacturer, cheap components are possible in the composition. By purchasing and using such a product, you can be disappointed with the result and harm your health.

If walls are made in the bathroom or in the kitchen, where there is high humidity, then they acquire a more moisture-resistant composition. When choosing such a finishing material for the living room, bedroom and hall, they are guided by the appearance. Otherwise, they choose, relying on their own tastes and preferences.

When applying cotton wallpaper in a thick layer, they achieve the effect of home comfort and warmth. If the wall covering is thin, then the end result will emphasize the elegance of the room, the refined taste of the owners.

When choosing a coating for the kitchen, you must consider the following nuances:

It is not recommended to use for finishing near a sink or desktop.
They are afraid of moisture, absorb odors, fat. When using them in the interior of the kitchen, additional funds are used.
After decorating the wall, the finishing material is coated on top with acrylic varnish or painted with special paint — water-based or latex. As a result, the wallpaper does not swell from moisture, does not absorb unpleasant odors, grease. They do not deteriorate when wet cleaning using gentle detergents.

Since cotton wallpapers can be dyed multiple times, it makes no sense to buy too expensive ones that stand out for their attractive design and originality.
When choosing such products for the kitchen, pay attention to the country of origin. It is better to buy French or Turkish goods. It does not absorb dirt from the walls, appearing over time on the front surface.

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Glued laminated timber

Glued laminated timber is an important component in the construction of buildings and structures. Wooden country houses are built from it. The resulting buildings are distinguished by quality, environmental friendliness, aesthetics.

It is easy to breathe in houses made of wood. They improve health because they do not contain harmful artificial substances (provided that the manufacturer used EPI glue).

Manufacturing

For creation, wood of solid coniferous species is used: cedar, spruce, pine, larch. First, the tree is sawn and then dried thoroughly, otherwise the structure will turn out to be short-lived. The logs are then glued together and processed using presses and milling machines. The length of the finished glued beam is at least 15m.

After drying, all wood is checked for existing bumps, branches, fungal infections. Boards on which wood is sawn are called lamellae.

The thickness is created by layers (lamellae). As a result, it is possible to obtain raw materials of special quality. The bar is even and resistant to shrinkage. Therefore, it is used in the installation of prefabricated buildings.

Pros and cons of glued beams

Advantages of glued bursa:

wood does not change shape, does not deform;
has a smooth surface, does not require grinding and additional materials for wall decoration;
there is no moisture, which leads to the appearance of fungus and mold. Products are thoroughly dried, so the tree is not subject to decay;
with its help, structures are created in 2-3 months;
aesthetic appeal;
almost no shrinkage;
houses are easy to assemble. It is easy to work with this material.

Disadvantages of glued laminated timber:

much more expensive than non-profiled wood;
glue inside structures disrupts natural air exchange and circulation by 30%. This worsens the microclimate in the room. Decreased environmental friendliness.

What makes up the cost? The production technology is complex and labor intensive. The consumption of wood, other materials, production and labor costs affect the price. The efficiency and quality of structures will decrease if low-grade raw materials were used in the process of creation, negligence was allowed.

If after a couple of months the building collapses and sags, it means that inappropriate material was used in the manufacturing process. Real glued beams are not deformed.

Comparison

Glued laminated timber has a competitor — profiled.

Strength. Glued wins here. In the manufacture of profiled timber from logs, only the upper part is cut off, which is much stronger. The middle is not touched. Bonding and pressing help the material to be stronger.
Humidity. Glued almost does not shrink, since its moisture content is not more than 14%. Profiled is more humid, although technologies are now being used that help achieve a moisture content of about 18%. However, glued is much more resistant to the appearance of fungus, mold.
Price. Profiled is almost two times cheaper, so many people choose it. However, buildings from such a bar require cladding. Therefore, the cost as a whole, together with the finish, does not differ from the price of glued beams.
Environmental friendliness. Both types are natural, so there are no harmful artificial impurities in them. However, glued is less “clean” because glue is used in the process. These mixtures are divided into groups depending on the danger. There is a class FC2, which is considered dangerous and unsuitable for home use. FC1 is a potentially dangerous group, FC0 is a safe class. Adhesives containing more than 0.5% mg/l of formaldehyde are considered hazardous.
Shrinkage. Profiled products are not always amenable to additional drying, so they are more prone to shrinkage. This usually happens when the house is already built.

How to choose glued laminated timber

It is recommended to choose only from manufacturers who have proven themselves. It is better to overpay a little, but be sure of the quality and reliability of the product. When choosing, it is worth focusing on the magnitude.

The material is divided into window, wall and the one used for mounting beams. These types differ in thickness. If it is about 150 mm, a house or a summer cottage is built from a bar. But in cold weather it will be cold in the building. If residents live in the country all the time, it is better to choose a material with a thickness of 200 mm or more. Then in the winter the house will be comfortable.

The construction of a sauna or a bath from a beam requires structures with a thickness of at least 250 mm. Otherwise, the heat will not be stored indoors.

Companies that produce and sell the material offer samples. It is better to contact such firms. It is recommended to look at samples and the wood itself.

Samples are made perfect, so it is difficult to notice flaws in them. If possible, it is better to familiarize yourself with the finished building from a bar.

Exploitation

After erection, the building is given time to shrink. Moisture and fire are the main enemies of wood, so you have to protect the walls. Special formulations with antiseptic, antibacterial, fire-fighting properties are sold. This treatment will help the house last longer.

Painting will make the structure stronger. Suitable paint and varnish mixtures that protect the walls from precipitation, dust. Process the structure at a temperature of at least 5 degrees. You can not ignore the end parts. They break down faster under the influence of moisture and high temperature.

Structural parts of the house need protection. It is advised to keep an eye on the vertical bars, as they ensure uniform shrinkage of the casing. The process occurs without deformation and distortions to the sides. The roof is also equipped with a sliding fastener.

In the first years of service, the process of synchronous shrinkage is controlled by:

inspect platbands, skirting boards, stairs for damage and deformation;
shrink and tie bolts are adjusted by shortening.

From the inside, the building is also operated correctly. The room maintains a constant temperature and does not allow sudden changes. Humidity 75%. The temperature drops or rises slowly.

Too low humidity is not allowed. Suitable humidity for walls is 6%, and for air — about 45%. The indicators below are not welcome.

A sharp start of heating devices has a detrimental effect on the condition of the wood.

Prepare for heating the house in advance and carefully. Starting the device starts smoothly. If the building is two-story, overheating of the second floor is not allowed. The wood is drying out.

Warm up the house carefully and gradually. The optimum temperature is 18-20 degrees. In winter, it is strongly not recommended to leave the room without heating.

The worst danger is fire.. In 80% of cases, the residents themselves are the perpetrators of the disaster. To avoid this, you need to follow the safety rules.

Constantly monitor the condition of the electrical wiring and the performance of electrical appliances.
Keep an eye on the chimney, if any. The accumulation of soot in it is fraught with fire.
Do not leave the stove or fireplace unattended. Coals or firewood sometimes fall out, so the operation of the system is constantly monitored.
Do not smoke in the house.

The roof protects the room from cold, leaks and precipitation. But it performs its functions only with constant supervision. In winter, wet snow is removed from the roof. This will help prevent damage to the building.

Septic tanks operated nearby are subject to cleaning. This is necessary to protect the structure and comfortable living for residents. The accumulation of waste spreads unpleasant odors that the wood absorbs.

Security

Wet cleaning is periodically done in the room. A humidifier will help maintain the atmosphere.
The rooms are constantly ventilated.
Shrinkage adjustment work is done at least 2 times a year.
Chimneys and flues are recommended to be cleaned regularly. The state of the heating system is monitored by a licensed company.
Electrical appliances comply with the Euro standard.
To avoid a nasty smell, it is necessary to monitor the condition of septic tanks and pumping stations. The layout of the sewerage system in the room has an unpleasant effect on the wood. Traps and siphons in bathrooms and toilets do not dry out if they are checked.
House painting is done regularly. Only first-class compounds are chosen, since dubious mixtures break off over time, and this leads to the appearance of fungus and mold on the surface.
The roof is cleaned of snow and fallen leaves.

Construction and maintenance

First lay the foundation (foundation). In this, glued laminated timber is no different from other materials. Formwork is installed, the foundation is poured, then proceed to waterproofing.

Next comes assembly. It is easy to assemble a building from ready-made blocks, since functional marking is carried out at the factory. After assembling the walls, the timber is treated with an antiseptic. Then the rafters are installed. After the roof, they move on to finishing, painting.

Malfunctions happen due to improper care and low-quality wood. The second can be avoided if you choose the timber wisely and buy only from trusted manufacturers. In the first case, the entire building must be periodically paid attention.

Drainage of the entire structure is an important process. Drains, pipes and wells are thoroughly cleaned of dirt, debris, fallen leaves with a strong jet of water.
Look behind the roof first. Damage that has appeared (scratches, cracks, chips) is eliminated, otherwise the resistance to precipitation and temperature changes will be violated.
The gutter structure of the house is sometimes clogged. It is cleaned, otherwise moisture gets on the wood.
Air vents in the attic are always clean and open. Thanks to them, moisture comes out.
You can also visually inspect the product from a bar. Thus, faults and damages are detected.

Where not to use glued laminated timber

Despite the popularity of timber, this material is not recommended in the construction of baths and saunas. Arguments:

walls breathe weakly, condensate accumulates;
low-grade material is quickly covered with cracks, the bath does not hold heat;
additional wall decoration, insulation will be required;
the bath will not be durable, will cease to function in 3-4 months.

With the right choice, glued laminated timber pleases with aesthetics, cleanliness, and comfort for a long time.

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Silk liquid wallpaper

In addition to traditional paper wallpaper options, washable types are used, such as vinyl (including foamy, heavy, flat or flat). There are also textile, non-woven, even metal and fiberglass ones.

Recently, buyers are interested in liquid silk — a beautiful, practical, strong, durable finishing material. If properly applied and carefully maintained, it will last twenty years.

Peculiarities

This is a natural product. It is environmentally friendly, fire resistant, meets the safety requirements for human health. Safety is ensured by the use of natural ingredients: silk, cotton fibers, quartz, mineral fillers, dyes, glue.

Sand and cement are excluded. A variety of substances are added to the composition to accentuate the features of the structure, give an original decor, change the shades of color.

Liquid wallpaper looks original, in the structure of which there is mother-of-pearl, mineral chips, gold threads and other similar components.

Relief is achieved using straws or other light material. With a figured spatula, flock, stick, glitter or stencil, a variety of patterned solutions are given to the coating.

Due to the variety of its texture, this material is universal. They can change any interior, give it an unexpected style solution. Used in the main form and for painting. Various additives achieve the desired color.

Application

If you buy the building material in question for painting, it is important to follow the painting technology. The challenge is to achieve an even tone. To do this, the dye is dissolved in water, the amount of which is indicated by the manufacturer in the instructions, and only after that the dry mixture is added. Otherwise, the color will turn out «uneven».

It is advisable not to paint the wallpaper applied to the wall, because the effect of the pleasant, warm-feeling texture for which they are so valued will be lost.

Instead of the usual rolls in stores, the goods are offered in bags or bags containing granules that dissolve easily in water. If the repair is done by hand, you can safely choose this option.

Each package (contains 1 kg) is accompanied by a detailed description of the preparation of the solution for application and the finishing process itself. 1 kg is enough to cover 5 — 6 m² flat area. In cases of unevenness, one package is enough for 3rd — 4th m².

The indisputable qualities of finishing with liquid wallpaper include ease of use. They do not require such careful preparation of the walls as other types. However, the surfaces must be smooth, without visible defects, cleaned of the previous coating.

If the walls are of poor quality, it is better to use a special primer. This is relevant if there is an assumption that:

the original color will show through the newly applied solution;
the structures on which the liquid composition is applied are made of reinforced concrete;
The base is highly absorbent.

Pre-treatment depends on the building material. Used universal primer. Before applying to drywall surfaces, it is better to process them:

processing, filling joints between sheets of drywall;
applying a layer of special waterproof paint on the heads of nails, screws, self-tapping screws;
primer, putty;
re-priming due to the fact that drywall strongly absorbs moisture.

The same operations are performed when coating concrete surfaces. A special primer for the concrete base has been created. It is desirable to apply it in several layers. Also use acrylic or universal. Instead, they use a practice-proven solution — water-based paint with the addition of PVA glue.

It is important not to abuse the glue, as yellowish spots may appear. If the finishing material is supposed to be applied to a wood surface, the primer is done carefully. When gluing, observe the temperature regime. The air temperature should not fall below 10 degrees Celsius.

If the room where liquid wallpaper is used is damp, it is better to varnish the surface after drying.

After applying with a special tool — a construction board, a paint roller, a plastic float, a spatula, a spray gun and even a gun with a compressor — this material fills in the remaining bumps, cracks and roughness.

The nature and quality of the tool will determine the direction of laying silk fibers, other additives that create relief. Before starting work, it’s a good idea to “experiment”, determine which texture created by the tool you like: one-, multi-directional or circular.

The fibrous texture is achieved only by manual application with a plastic trowel. The thickness of the coating varies from one to three millimeters.

There are no problems of accurate spreading of glue and pasting of complex relief or joints, pattern matching, losses when cutting strips. In addition to savings, the seamless coating method enhances the aesthetic effect, which is much easier to achieve than when working with roll types.

Benefits of liquid silk wallpaper

In favor of the choice of liquid wallpaper, their elasticity also speaks. If you use them in a new house, you do not have to be afraid of shrinkage of the structure. It won’t affect the coverage. In addition, this material breathes, it is hygroscopic, which means it absorbs moisture.
Do not fade under the influence of sunlight, absorb sounds, retain heat, do not accumulate dust and do not absorb odors. Pets cannot scratch walls. Surfaces may be dirty or otherwise damaged. But with such damage, it is not difficult to restore the coating.
The part of the wall cleaned and re-treated with granules dissolved in water after drying is no different from the rest of the wall space. When pasting with rolled wallpaper, the color of the restored part is brighter and the harmony of space is violated.

For possible corrections, the remains of liquid wallpaper are stored in a closed container in the refrigerator.

With indisputable advantages, silk liquid wallpaper is suitable for use in any premises — a residential apartment (bedroom, living room, kitchen, bathroom and toilet), exhibition, concert halls, offices, retail premises.

Due to the hypoallergenicity of liquid silk, it is advisable to use it in medical, children’s, and sports facilities.

Disadvantages of liquid silk wallpaper

It is undesirable to allow walls covered with silk liquid wallpaper to come into contact with water.;
The time of complete drying is from 12 hours to three days. The technology of drying liquid wallpaper is fundamentally different from working with paper. Since the applied solution is aqueous, air circulation is necessary for drying, sufficient ventilation of the room, so windows can be opened, at low temperatures it is appropriate to use artificial heating;
Despite the ease of care (you can lightly “walk” on them with a vacuum cleaner, wipe with a soft sponge or rag, but in no case use a hard brush and cleaning products), in the kitchen and in some other rooms they accumulate unwanted unwanted plaque that is difficult to wash off;
High quality implies the corresponding cost of the material and work with it. Liquid wallpaper has a different price, which depends on the composition.

The composition distinguishes liquid wallpaper silk, cellulose, silk-cellulose.

Silk is recognized as the highest quality. The cost is higher (the higher the quality of silk threads, the higher their specific composition, the more expensive the product), due to the practicality of the product, durability, lack of reaction to sunlight and preservation of a given color. Even the disadvantages of this material turn into advantages.

How to choose silk liquid wallpaper

What rooms do you want to use them in?

This depends on the color scheme. In municipal, state institutions, a calm, neutral color is chosen. In offices, in order to emphasize originality, the specifics of activity, create an optimistic mood, a contrasting solution is possible, the use of bright, but not overwhelming, annoying tones.

In apartments, houses, everything depends on the lifestyle of the owners, their interests, hobbies, temperament, and the purpose of the room. For bedrooms, paints are not used that activate a person, encourage activity, wakefulness.

Experts advise choosing a color a tone lighter than you imagine, because usually they look a little darker on the walls. The same color on the ceiling looks lighter than on the walls.

What material are they made of and what is the quality of the walls and ceilings that will be pasted over?

The answer to this question will help decide whether preliminary preparatory work is needed, whether a primer is required, what type and what quality it should be. It depends on the condition of the walls, as well as the humidity of the room, whether the dried walls will be varnished.

Does it have to be wallpaper ready to be applied, or do you want to add your own textural, color or other changes to it?

This question is especially important if the customer wants to give the room an original design, harmonize the texture of the finish with the shape of the room, lamps, furniture, flooring, wall and other decorations.

Do you buy material for painting or not?

If painting is supposed to be done, they think over the type of dyes in advance, how many dyes you need to buy.

What is the volume of space pasted over? How bright are these rooms?

This will help to calculate materials, adjust the color (for small spaces or rooms with insufficient penetration of daylight, dark wallpapers are undesirable), select additional texture elements, and a tool for work.

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Square plastic pipes

Pipes with a square section are used in the construction of houses, in industrial pipelines, in ventilation installations. Square products are connected easier than round ones.

Application

Used in the manufacture of furniture. They look original in fences, having an advantage over metal products.
Used in indoor and outdoor construction. PVC pipes are used for agriculture: a nipple system is connected to them for drinking bowls for ducks, geese, chickens, rabbits and other domestic animals. Such a pipe helps to keep the entire system upright. Its dimensions are selected relative to the thickness of the profile. Mounting takes place perpendicular to the nipple. This eliminates the loss of water in the drip mode.

A greenhouse made of plastic pipes will be durable and inexpensive.
Large sizes are used as cable channels, air ducts.
Used for the manufacture of plastic windows.

Square pipes are especially in demand in the chemical, oil refining and food industries.

Advantages and disadvantages of square plastic pipes

Pros:

weather resistance;
undemanding to care;
does not give in to corrosion;
long time of operation;
does not harm the environment;
when water is supplied through it, there are no noises;
increased tightness.

Transportation of square products will be much cheaper, because due to their shape they can be folded denser than round ones.

Minuses:

low fire resistance;
contact with hot air is undesirable;
complex installation, requiring additional elements and certain skills;
Not all models are suitable for hot water.

Types, pros and cons of square plastic pipes

PVC PVC

This is the most common type.

Installation is carried out by cold welding or socket method. Rigid profiles are connected by fittings. Laying is carried out in hidden and open form. Polyvinyl chloride is cheaper than galvanized metal materials.

A meter of PVC pipe weighs 5.62 kg. The inner surface is characterized by low roughness, as a result of which the material is self-cleaning and a decrease in liquid pressure is excluded.

Pros:

increased chemical resistance;
resistant to chlorine and active substances;
resistant to biological organisms;
UV radiation does not affect the quality;
do not give in to corrosion;
environmental Safety.

Disadvantages of PVC:

brightens from direct sunlight;
sensitivity to shock and bending;
do not withstand contact with boiling water;
not intended for laying in the ground, require a special box;
noise from the flow of water.

PVC square models are widely used in ventilation systems.

Polypropylene

The design is represented by single or multilayer rows. The weight of a meter of a polypropylene product is 7.06 kg. The inner surface is smooth. The strength is 28-35 MPa.

Pros:

corrosion resistant;
unchanged when exposed to chemical compounds, active substances during chlorination;
high degree of biological safety (fungus, bacteria);
light weight, easy transportation;
some models withstand temperatures from -95° to +140°;

Minuses:

low tightness, with the exception of the connection with a node with metal pipes;
cannot withstand low temperatures.

Installation is simple, as a sufficient range of fittings is connected to all types of structures. The range of diameters and lengths allows you to minimize the number of cuts during installation.

fiberglass

Used in construction and industry. A profile is made by pultrusion, which is the formation and curing of a rod with impregnated polymer fibers through special high-strength molds (dies).

Fiberglass has a low specific gravity — from 0.4 to 2 grams per cubic centimeter. Ten times stronger than PVC. The dielectric characteristics ensure complete safety. Not subject to corrosion, resistant to aggressive environments, salt, acid and alkali. Also, this material is not afraid of hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric, acetic, phosphoric acid (depending on concentration), sodium hydroxide, ferric chloride.

Pros:

coefficient of thermal expansion is low;
resistant to water and temperature differences (withstand temperatures from -60 degrees to +80 degrees);
light material;
high fire resistance;
pleasant appearance;
high thermal conductivity;
high resistance to moisture and water;
biological stability.

Flaw – low degree of thermal insulation.

Design

Dimensions

The main characteristics when choosing a plastic pipe are diameter and cross section. The walls have a certain thickness, and in some models one of them is also thickened. Therefore, the external and internal sections are distinguished.

It is the internal section that is taken into account when planning projects. Popular diameters of plastic square pipes in mm:

10×10	20×20	30×30	45×45	80×80
15×15	22×22	35×35	50×50	100×100
16×16	25×25	40×40	60×60	120×120

The wall thickness for each section will be different. Specifications vary from manufacturer to manufacturer. For example, a 20×20 pipe has a thickness of 1.5 mm; 35×35 — 3 mm; 50×50 — 4 mm.

Colour

The color range has been expanded: from standard white, black, gray colors to green, blue, red, yellow. There are pipes with imitation for various types of trees.

Length

Pipes are produced in standard sizes of one, three, four and five meters.

It is not difficult for distributors to cut the desired length of 3.5 or 1.5 meters.

Fittings are used to connect two segments, and plugs selected according to the diameter of the section are used to close the holes.

Installation

The connection of square plastic pipes is permissible by welding, but this method is more often used for structures or furniture.

The connection of the segments with each other or the profile of a square section with a round one occurs with the help of fittings. When choosing an element, the operating conditions should be taken into account.

Coupling connects a square pipe with a round one, made of rubber, fixed with clamps. The plug sleeve is a rubber element that is installed at the end of the profile.

Adapter connects pipes of different sections, a square with a circle.

Tee unites three square pipes, fixed on each side with clamps.

The fewer joints, the more reliable the result. Therefore, without a reason, you should not cut the profile in order to avoid accidents, leaks, and depressurization.

When equipping a pipeline made of polypropylene, the coefficient of thermal expansion is taken into account. The pipe heats up during normal operation up to 60 degrees, while the length will increase by 9 millimeters.

When the expansion does not have enough space, the pipe bursts when heated. Installation of a volumetric heating and hot water supply system requires this factor to be taken into account, otherwise a pipe rupture will occur.

For the safe operation of the pipeline, temperature compensators are added. The pipeline in the house with a length of more than 1 meter is not recommended to be equipped in a cramped space.

Some polypropylene pipes contain a layer of aluminum foil in their structure. In this case, the expansion coefficient decreases with increasing temperature. The cost of such a product is higher.

Problems

The reasons are violation of installation, mechanical damage during use, defects in production.

Temporary measures include:

metal clamp

To begin with, the heating and water supply are blocked. The clamp is put on the place of leakage, the bolts are tightened on the sides.

Rubber

Rubber patch. In this way, plumbing and heating are repaired. Wrap a piece of rubber around the problem area, clamp it with a clamp, tighten it. It is permissible to drag with wire or cord.

Dye

Small leaks can be fixed with paint. Wrap a piece of fabric on the problem area, dye it. Shut off the water until completely dry.

A reliable solution would be to replace the damaged area.

Glue

Having previously cleaned the damage, expand it to the maximum, degrease and dry it. Apply silicone sealant.

The through hole is sealed with a two-component epoxy adhesive. The problem area is prepared as described above, wrapped with a bandage made of dense material, such as fiberglass.

After winding 5 layers, covered with epoxy glue. Instead of a bandage, a sealing tape is used, represented by an impregnated adhesive cloth.

It is glued without folds, the material is applied tightly. The next layer half overlaps the previous one. The tape does not tolerate the sun’s rays, so its surface is covered with a protective layer.

Cold welding

Connection of plastic pipes for all purposes. The surface is treated with sandpaper, degreased. The required amount of material is kneaded in the hands until brown, according to the principle of plasticine.

Next, you need to apply to the problem area, press down with a tourniquet. After an hour, saw off or cut off irregularities, as it will harden. The process is accelerated with a hair dryer.

When performing work, observe safety precautions! Use gloves and goggles.

The functionality of the square shape allows you to implement projects of varying complexity. And an attractive appearance will decorate the design of the room when using a square plastic pipe in any design.

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Plastic pipes for a well

In suburban areas, today it is customary to drill artesian wells with high-quality drinking water, unlike traditional wells. An ordinary well is filled with «perch water» — not very good water. An artesian well, on the contrary, gives:

crystal clear liquid;
with the correct chemical composition, according to laboratory studies.

Plastic pipes for wells and wells are different. Such a source is equipped with PVC pipes that have acceptable characteristics in terms of safety when interacting with water.

It is drilled independently or by a team of professional craftsmen using heavy equipment to penetrate soil, granite layers, clay or sand formations.

Characteristics

It is customary to use casing structural products made on the basis of several types of materials. They are made from polyvinyl chloride or PVC. It stands for unplasticized polyvinyl chloride. The workpiece is inert and belongs to the class of plastics.

Both materials are similar to each other and are used equally for casing structures.

PVC pipes.

The main advantage is lower cost compared to polyethylene pipes. Increased fragility is a significant disadvantage of PVC products. In case of gross mechanical damage, the elements instantly fail, break, crumble into pieces, if there are negative temperatures outside.

A similar nuisance can occur if the material loading and unloading technique is violated:

at the construction site;
during transportation;
during the installation process.

PVC products are available with or without special threads.

Unplasticized PVC.

Good technical characteristics of tubular elements. They are produced with a special thread designed for tight fastening of plastic components to each other.

Disadvantages:

overpriced products;
insufficient ring stiffness.

If the depth of the drinking water source is more than fifty or sixty meters, the thickness of the plastic wall will have to be increased. Otherwise, the uPVC surface will not withstand the ground pressure and collapse will occur. This affects the cost and weight.

Advantages of plastic pipes for a well

high corrosion resistance of the material;
sufficient mechanical strength;
small weight;
low cost, if we compare the price of the product with metal or asbestos-cement pipe structures for wells;
simple assembly of components.

Mechanical strength is possible thanks to the high-tech plastic manufacturing process. If we conduct a comparative analysis, then PVC products are somewhat inferior to metal ones, but still they have more advantages.

PVC is an ideal option for arranging wells: deep and sandy, on stable (stable) soils.

If the source is drilled in deep wells, the size of which is more than fifty meters or on unstable soils: quicksand, peat, clay soils, it is best to use metal ones, since there is a high risk of damage to the plastic wall.

The low weight of PVC material facilitates the process:

transportation;
loading, unloading works;
sorting goods on special warehouse shelves.

Workers loading, unloading, storing plastic products do without the use of expensive equipment (forklifts, manipulators, truck cranes, and so on).

Speaking of high corrosion resistance, it is difficult for a metal pipe to compete with plastic.

The material does not undergo oxidation at all, and therefore PVC products, which have been underground for decades, are not covered with rust, which is very important for maintaining the quality of drinking liquids. Long-term operation of the product and low cost are important.

How to choose plastic pipes for a well

A buyer who is not a professional in the sale or purchase of PVC products must definitely pay attention to:

for a certificate;
design marking;
the presence of a thread.

The presence of a certificate — confirmation:

high quality product;
security;
practicality;
durability.

Looking at the label, it will become clear that this product is intended for installation in an artesian source, and not in a sewer or heating system. This is very important, because sewer pipes should never be used in drinking water sources.

It is dangerous for the health of all family members or the whole village or country association, where people drink water from a source that is not equipped according to established standards.

Pipes for the well come in blue, as well as blue, black, but always with a blue stripe.

PVC pipe is designed for the main purpose — to increase the durability of the use of the drilled source. Therefore, you should definitely pay attention to the strength characteristics of the goods, which are indicated in the accompanying documentation for the products.

The depth to be drilled is taken into account. You can find out in advance what the deepening will be by examining the map of the area and the results of geological exploration, which is carried out before drilling is carried out.

Specialists will provide documents that clearly indicate that the water in the area lies at a depth of ten meters, twenty meters, one hundred and fifty meters, and so on. In accordance with the given parameters, you need to choose the thickness.

The deeper the water, the thicker the wall of the PVC pipe, which must be installed in the drilled hole. If you install a thin pipe in the well, it will not withstand the pressure and burst, the walls of the well will be destroyed, the source will become unusable.

Casing pipes must meet the following requirements:

PVC pipes provide complete sealing of the well, to prevent sewage from entering the drinking liquid and the appearance in it: twigs, pieces of clay, peat, and so on.
The inner surface is in constant contact with water. Therefore, a high-tech plastic material is selected, which does not lead to a change in the chemical composition of the liquid, does not cause a decrease in the quality of drinking water. The water is clean, without foreign odors, inclusions (dirt, sand, pieces of soil).

Installation

It is advisable to drill a well only in the warm season, because some classifications of plastic structures cannot withstand negative temperatures. The craftsmen will have to redo the work, cleaning the well from the destroyed plastic, installing new material in the recess.

Work carried out in the warm season is carried out quickly and efficiently. It is advisable to purchase plastic pipes that are wound on top of each other. From such components it will be possible to assemble a casing pipe that will last more than fifty years.

Thus, it is possible to install a long casing pipe up to 50-100 meters deep. The water quality at this depth is excellent, and PVC pipes will cope with the tasks assigned to it:

the element will not be destroyed prematurely:
polyvinyl chloride walls will cope with the pressure of the soil on the plastic;
water will not change its consumer characteristics.

A special downhole pump is lowered into the pipe, after which the liquid is pumped to the surface in the required volume.

An artesian well drilled on quicksand, peat, and other difficult soils can silt up.

The cleaning of the plastic casing pipe takes place in accordance with the established procedure using special materials.

Technological products — non-plasticized PVC has a higher allowable stress and a higher tensile strength compared to HDPE material. The first pipe, 125 millimeters in diameter, immersed to a depth of 30 meters, can withstand a pressure of no more than five tons on a plastic wall.

Installing pipes in difficult ground is a safe undertaking, from a technical point of view. Polyvinyl chloride elements are distinguished by the presence in the design of a thread designed for highly efficient connection of PVC parts into a monolithic tube.

The load on the wall must be taken into account, since PVC products may not be able to cope.

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3 types of timber

Wood is a popular building material. The market today offers a lot of varieties of wooden beams. What type is better to give preference? What is the difference? To make a choice, the differences, properties and characteristics of a wooden material are studied.

Types

It is made from a log, which is cut into a rectangular structure. It is divided into three types:

solid (non-profiled);
profiled;
glued.

Each of them differs in the type of building material, price and properties. The cheapest option is the whole one. Made from solid wood. Most often produced in the form of rectangular blocks. The benefits of lumber include: affordable cost, efficiency of construction of houses due to simple processing.

To disadvantages — increased percentage of humidity. Affects the development of the fungus. The structure is susceptible to insect attack and decay. Houses of this type are subject to severe shrinkage, which lasts up to two years.

Profiled is made with recesses and grooves from dried wood. The moisture content is at the minimum level. The basis is coniferous trees. The manufacturing technology is characterized by increased labor intensity compared to the first option.

During construction, it is not necessary to adjust the timber, as the manufacturing accuracy is 99% at the factory. This greatly simplifies the construction work. The benefits include strength and reliability. Disadvantages — the price level is higher.

Spruce timber

Spruce is a common and sought-after lumber. Demand for building materials made from softwood is gaining momentum due to its characteristics.

Spruce timber is an environmentally friendly raw material that does not cause allergies, on the contrary, it is good for health.

Light colored lumber. May be pinkish-yellow. Under the influence of external weather conditions darkens over time. The pattern on the wood is uniform, the knots sit tightly at the base.

Glued laminated timber

The most demanded wooden material. High demand is due to quality and reliability. The production technology consists in connecting several lamellas with glue and drying. The glued boards form a multi-layer strong structure.

Before gluing, the lamellas are carefully sorted and selected. All defects are eliminated, then the bars are profiled and given the required size.
It is divided into several subspecies. The difference is the variety of raw materials. Only coniferous trees are consumed:

spruce;
Pine;
larch;
cedar.

A popular option is the combined one. It consists of pine and deciduous types of wood.

Advantages of glued laminated timber

Shape stability
Due to the special properties of solid wood, it retains its shape and does not deform. The resistance to deformation and shrinkage is also affected by the peculiarity of the manufacturing technology: the parameter of the internal stress of the lamellas is preserved.
Shrinkage resistance
During manufacture, the lamellas are subjected to pre-drying. This technology eliminates drying and cracking of lumber during operation.
Low thermal conductivity
Wood in its structure is an excellent heat-retaining material. The fibrous structure does not allow air to escape. Therefore, glued laminated timber is indispensable in the construction of country houses, cottages, baths.
Resistance to external natural factors
Wood as a natural material is subject to various attacks of parasites and the development of harmful bacteria. But in production, special means and antiseptics are used to prevent decay and the development of fungus.
High construction speed. The quality meets all requirements and standards. Manufacturers label building material and package.

Building a house from lumber does not require a heavy foundation. All these indicators make it possible to build private property in the shortest possible time.

Disadvantages of glued laminated timber

bundle
In case of violation of construction technology, it can be prone to delamination and deformation. These signs will lead to a deterioration in thermal insulation and environmental properties. But such cases are extremely rare, since the production is subject to strict quality control and strict observance of all stages of the technological process.
High price
Wood material production technology is a labor-intensive and difficult process. Therefore, the cost of timber is higher than that of solid wood.

Beam for frame house

Production is carried out on high-precision equipment, so the finished product does not have any deviations. This advantage makes it possible to quickly and without special skills to build a house on the land. There is also no need to customize accessories.

Modern projects of wooden houses are diverse. It is possible to build a project you like due to the versatility of lumber. Thus, you can create a home based on your personal wishes and architectural designs.

The advantage of houses made of glued lumber is the possibility of the absence of interior decoration. The internal walls are covered with a layer of varnish for protection, which emphasizes naturalness.

Comparison of types of timber

Environmental friendliness

Glued is made from natural material, and frame construction involves the use of plywood panels. This indicates the addition of chemicals that are harmful and dangerous to human health. In matters of ecology, timber occupies the first place. For a frame house, this is a significant minus.

Natural ventilation and heat saving
The percentage of thermal conductivity for frame and glued lumber is almost equal. But the frame structure does not hold heat well, so the room will have to be heated much more often. In housing made of glued laminated timber, heat will be retained and energy saving costs will be reduced significantly.

Strength characteristics
Definitely, the frame is inferior to the structure of the timber. By itself, the glued material is strong and durable. And additional processing at the plant makes it invulnerable to external natural factors.

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6 types of liquid wallpaper

Why choose liquid wallpaper for decorating rooms? Habitual paper wallpapers, like films, require professional skills and an even wall covering. Liquid coating is a special composition that resembles decorative plaster.

The mixture consists mainly of natural cellulose or cotton fibers, dyes and adhesive composition. Thanks to such components, the material exhibits antistatic properties and meets fire safety standards.

Cotton liquid wallpaper

Cotton liquid wallpaper is made from natural material. They have a soft texture and comply with environmental safety standards. The composition includes: 98% — cotton, 2% — mica, cellulose, textile fibers. They are a rough surface with a thickness of 1-10 mm.

This type is mainly used in the decoration of children’s rooms, bedrooms, office space. Interesting patterns and stucco are common. The advantages are non-toxicity and safety. Also, they do not bubble and after years do not move away from the walls.

When decorating children’s rooms, decorating the wall with pictures from children’s fairy tales and cartoons will be an excellent solution. Applying such a pattern will be a simple task, and when deformed, it is easily repaired.

When choosing a color scheme, there will be no difficulties — manufacturers offer up to 240 ready-made shades. If the right one was not found, then it is possible to mix the corresponding colors.

Silk liquid wallpaper

Finishing with silk liquid wallpaper resembles an expensive fabric. The composition includes both natural and artificial silk fibers, mineral fillers, colored quartz and the required decorative additives.

Being a variant of expensive decorative plaster, this coating is universal. It is used in residential, administrative and commercial premises.

For fans of silk-screened vinyl paintings and Venetian plaster, liquid wallpaper is a godsend:

relatively inexpensive cost;
durability (from 5 to 10-12 years, depending on the care and presence of the protective layer) and strong adhesion to the surface;
excellent maintainability;
smooth surface without seams;
use in rooms with a high level of humidity. In such cases, it is necessary to cover the dried composition with a layer of special acrylic varnish. Otherwise, the coated areas are washed off with water;
when applied, it is easy to combine with other types of finishes: paint, cork, gypsum stucco and others.

Liquid wallpaper pattern

Decorative painting on the walls is suitable for most interiors. Fantasy in this matter can not be limited by anything and feel free to choose your favorite ideas. Liquid wallpaper gives room for experiments with colors, textures and ornaments.

The use of cold scales increases the space of the room, and warm — creates a comfortable atmosphere. To create the desired shade, the required dyes are added to the mixture.

The basis for the future picture is applied with a clear line using bright pencils or colored felt-tip pens. If there are no artist skills, then stencils are common. You can make them yourself, buy ready-made or order.

If we compare liquid, photo wallpaper on film or vinyl, the solution depends only on the specific wishes of the customer. It will be problematic to clearly reproduce the picture or photograph you like in a “wet” way and will require a long professional work. For liquid wallpaper, abstract or simple compositions are more suitable.

At the same time, if pets or children live in the house who can damage the coating, the choice is obvious. You do not have to remove the whole canvas and then join the drawing. The process of replacing the damaged area will take a couple of hours and will last for many years in the future.

Liquid wallpaper on the ceiling

For a «wet» coating, it does not matter whether it is applied to a vertical or horizontal surface. On the ceiling, it is possible to create three-dimensional patterns and stucco molding or make a surface with different textures.

The method of application and preliminary preparation of the surface repeats the processing of the walls. Particular attention will have to be paid to reliable bonding with the base. Despite the positive reviews, in this situation it is still worth puttingty and leveling the base.

Liquid wallpapers have a wide range of colors and textures and are distinguished by reliable adhesion to the ceiling surface. The thickness of the application layer varies from 1 to 5 mm, which is important for unevenness.

Liquid wallpaper in the hallway

The first impression of guests each time is formed by the appearance of the hallway space. The main problem of this zone is the constant exposure to dust and street dirt. Therefore, the most important task will be the correct choice of finishes. For a climate with difficult weather conditions, this type of finish will be the most reliable solution.

A variety of material for the hallway should have the following qualities:

resistance to damage;
water-repellent surface for regular cleaning;
the possibility of restoration.

The task for covering the corridor will be a complex configuration, the presence of convex and concave surfaces. Paper webs will cope with this problem, but will create unwanted seams, which will manifest itself in further use. Apply without joints, hide gaps, cracks and minor defects in walls and ceilings.

In case of damage, the defect can be repaired quickly and at minimal cost. You will need to wet and clean the area from the damaged fragment. Next, apply the diluted mixture. The result of the work will merge with the rest of the surface.

This type of finish itself is washed off with water after completion of work, and if both dry cleaning and wet cleaning are planned in the future, take care of an additional top coat of varnish. This will strengthen the surface and close the porous structure, which will prevent dirt particles from getting inside.

There are specialized water-repellent mixtures on the market. In practice, they are used for kitchens and bathrooms, but if necessary, they can separate the part of the hallway that is prone to pollution.

The corridor is an intermediate zone between the hallway and the rooms. The sun’s rays are already penetrating these areas, which, without proper protection, will lead to fading of the surface. This should be taken into account when choosing the type of wallpaper.

To create the interior of the hallway, cellulose-silk compositions are suitable in terms of parameters and price. They will create a harmonious transition from the hallway area to the living room and bedrooms. The presence of silk fibers will prevent fading, and adding decorative elements to the mixture will create an elegant design.

Liquid wallpaper in the bedroom and living room

When using specialized colors create almost any shade. Pastel colors are traditional for decorating the bedroom. You can decorate the walls with patterns and drawings.

The desired effect with sparkles, highlights or melange is achieved by adding decorative additives or by combining several mixtures with different compositions on the wall.

When choosing an option for the living room and bedroom, it is taken into account whether the apartment is located on the sunny side or not. For the living room, silk is better — they will not fade. They look like decorative plaster. In a darker room, combined compositions will look good.

The following positive qualities of the coating are useful in the bedroom:
increase in heat and sound insulation;
antistatic;
environmental friendliness;
even coverage;
the ability to create almost any style in the interior.

Loft apartments will create comfort and warmth. In the classic — they will add modernity, while not violating its rules. High-tech experiments will also be successful.

Alignment and priming of the walls is necessary when choosing liquid wallpaper with a thin layer of application and a light shade (to avoid translucence of dark spots on the wall). Cotton ones have a looser surface than silk ones, so they hide defects better and lay down in a thick layer up to one centimeter.

Dust and dirt should be removed with a vacuum cleaner or soft brush. It is allowed to remove stains with a damp cloth if there is varnish protection on top of the layer. Otherwise, the damaged area will have to be replaced.

Liquid wallpaper is easy to apply and unpretentious in operation. Even a non-professional can apply them. A variety of shades allows you to create author’s drawings and patterns. The presented types of this coating do not burn and do not emit toxins, do not accumulate odors.

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Interskol DA-10 / 14.4M3 — battery

Interskol DSh-10/320E2 — network

Interskol SHA-6/10.8M3 — lithium

Interskol DA-10/12M3 — professional

Interskol DA-12ER-02 — with a flashlight

Interskol DU-16/1000ER — shock

How to choose oil paint

Purpose

Consumption

Drying time

Viscosity level

The degree of grinding of pigments

The share of volatile substances

The proportion of film-forming substances

Degree of water resistance and film hardness

The best outdoor oil paint

Characteristics

pros

Minuses

Best interior oil paint

Characteristics

pros

Minuses

The best oil paint for wood

Characteristics

pros

Minuses

The best oil paint according to GOST

Characteristics

pros

Minuses

The best oil-alkyd paint

Characteristics

pros

Minuses

The best oil paint for metal

Characteristics

pros

Minuses

Advantages of gas plastic pipes

Types of gas plastic pipes

Installation

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Properties

Material

Pros and cons of cotton liquid wallpaper

How to choose cotton liquid wallpaper

Manufacturing

Pros and cons of glued beams

Comparison

How to choose glued laminated timber

Exploitation

Security

Construction and maintenance

Where not to use glued laminated timber

Peculiarities

Application

Benefits of liquid silk wallpaper

Disadvantages of liquid silk wallpaper

How to choose silk liquid wallpaper

Application

Advantages and disadvantages of square plastic pipes

Types, pros and cons of square plastic pipes

Design

Installation

Problems

Characteristics

Advantages of plastic pipes for a well

How to choose plastic pipes for a well

Installation

Types

Spruce timber

Glued laminated timber

Beam for frame house

Comparison of types of timber

Cotton liquid wallpaper

Silk liquid wallpaper

Liquid wallpaper pattern

Liquid wallpaper on the ceiling

Liquid wallpaper in the hallway